Government Intervention Essay

The American government is practically in our everyday lives, including our private lives. The government is basically everything we do. It is the way we work, the reason why we look for a career, the way we eat or drink to conclude, the way we live. Sometimes it is a problem for most citizens but some other times, it is the real reason why they live better and maintain everything they have. The government is the people; it is education, entertainment, peace but can be completely different at certain periods of time. As a prevention from too much government intervention, the people of America have a representative dating since 1773,called the Tea Party Movement. This movement wants the government to stick to the real meaning and intent of the United States Constitution, meaning that the government should not use such law as the Elastic clause. The Tea Party Movement would also like to see the government reducing its speding, lower taxes and reducing the national debt and federal budget deficit. This means in one phrase, relief to the people. And yet, doing so would require more government intervention in our lives. The Tea Party is like the real representative of the people, because it would like to see the government accomplishing everything the people request, which is mostly impossible because to maintain the law, the government has to follow the Constitution. Yet again, some of the government’s interventions are necessary for us, like the famous healthcare and health insurances, the social securities, the military and even the food we eat. The Party thinks we should be left alone to use, organize and regulate our businesses, schools and other utilities. Therefore taking care of our own taxes and national debt. The Party thinks that the government goes too far with the taxation, national spending, and maintenance of public facilities. But surprisingly, it doesn’t disagree with the government totally. It is against the Abortion law in most Sates along with the government. It believes that no fetus should be removed prior to labor term and even if there is a situation of rape-pregnancy, it still believes that the victim hould carry the fetus until the end of the term. But for mostly everything else, the Tea Party Movement and the government still disagree with each other. The Tea Party Movement members believe that the government intervenes too much in the people’s business but yet, not intervening would probably hurt them and they would get mad at the government. 1) â€Å"In reading your article about the Tea Party movement, it is difficult to determine where the party stands on issues. Its members seem to want a strong military, but don’t want to finance it; they don’t like social programs like Medicare, but readily accept their Medicare benefits; they don’t like the federal bailout of our financial markets, but would be angry if the government did nothing and their investments and retirements went down the drain; they want strong border controls, but again don’t want to pay for it. Their thinking is chaotic and dangerous because if we do what they want they are going to be unhappy with the consequences. They are a mass of contradictions. Which explains in one simple sentence that, sometimes the Party exaggerates about what they want or not. The government’s intervention, seen from my point of view is highly necessary for us living under its control. And when I say â€Å"necessary†, I mean in some fields. Let’s state for example, sanitation. The citizens themselves can not really maintain a clean city, therefore we would need the government’s assistance but sometimes, the city governments probably think that they have bigger fish to fry instead of cleaning the streets. Lately, we have been seeing the streets so covered with snow, that they become ice right there. Why? Just because our representative decided that there were too many jobs out there so he cut all of these jobs where people would have to clean the streets from the imprisoning snow. This is a fact of minor intervention in a field where it is necessary. The government should be more active in that field because when it does not give the citizens that kind of help which is necessary to them, it mostly turns against them. As a result of the snow accumulation, you will have accidents, lateness, and people will get a bad perspective of the government. A quick and easy solution would only consist of creating fast and easy jobs where you would have people responsible of cleaning the streets from the snow and would also be very useful to their community and state. This field requires government’s intervention but sometimes, the citizens might pass of its need and you can always have the garbage ollectors to do that but it still is not their responsibility. The next field requires more government intervention than that last one except that it is mostly better taken care of. Nowadays, education is very important. And it has very expanded from how it was two decades ago. This is what Milton Friedman has to say about the government’s intervention in this field and its successful results. 2) â€Å"Education is today largely paid for and almost entirely administered by governmental bodies or non-profit institutions. This situation has developed gradually and is now taken so much for granted that little explicit attention is any longer directed to the reasons for the special treatment of education even in countries that are predominantly free enterprise in organization and philosophy. The result has been an indiscriminate extension of governmental responsibility. † These intelligent details about the new education system explains how education is getting easier to access and how the government plays a big role in its development. Education is so important and necessary that it is mostly paid for by the government itself. Which explains that the government’s intervention in this field is both very necessary and satisfied. From kindergarten to senior year in high school, the government pays millions for one’s education and after that, depending on your parents’ financial status, they will help you pay for college or even pay it for you. This is an example of when the government’s intervention is necessary and satisfying. The government’s intervention is enough in this field because it helps people to get an education which is going to be useful to both the country and the individual. By doing so, the American government gets a better perspective from foreigners and from its own citizens. This kind of resource will always be useful to the country. I believe the government should intervene more in the sanitation field, given the fact that the citizens can not accomplish some actions by themselves. I believe the government should have more workers in the sanitation field because it is necessary to have people cleaning the streets. By doing so, it would be a great advantage for both the state government and its citizens. Reducing by doing so, the multiple incidents and disagreements that would have happen if there were nobody to clean the streets and make it easier for people to circulate in the city. That would give more people an opportunity to pay their bills, put bread on their table, and stay out of trouble also. I think that the government’s intervention in the education field is great, not too much not too less. I am grateful to the fact that the government has to pay for my education given the fact that I would not be capable to pay for it myself. The government pays for education, feed the students and even give them a warm place to be in all day. I personally do not see what else the government could do for its students while giving them this great opportunity of learning something that can be useful for them later in life and giving them a way to put money in their pocket. The government intervention is great in this field and I think it should maintain the status quo until they find a better way to improve the way they educate and instruct the American population, which is by the way very weak compared to some poor countries.

What to Do About Essay on Current Topics Before It Is Too Late

What to Do About Essay on Current Topics Before It Is Too Late Broadly speaking, where there are reasonable grounds for discrimination on the grounds of age like the nature or location of the work discrimination could be justified. If you're a makeup student, here is where you must be. Indian law regulates and in certain cases prohibits the usage of contract workers. India's newest employment law on preventing sexual harassment is also resulting in a greater variety of sexual harassment complaints and extra processes to be followed. The Appeal of Essay on Current Topics These essays need to be more descriptive. The Essay Topics list is provided for English in addition to Hindi section. Tickets are available on the internet and can be bought at www.themakeupshow.com. Need of Computer Literacy in the current age. Everybody should know their take on those topics, since they might be more important than we realize. If it's the college debate competition, higher school, middle school, or simply plain fun, these topics will do the job for any event. If you're into medical themes and need to create a breakthrough in this region, join Hacking Health Camp. For additional suggestions and ideas about the way to use our Topic Guides, take a peek at our most recent resource pack for schools. These group discussion enables the recruiters to observe the way the candidate fares in team work and what knowledge does they have about the things which are happening around him. A few of the issues are new while the others are discussed for a while now. A positive response might only be the case if you robot that does not need rest. Don't neglect to have a look at the leaderboard and compare your result with other individuals! Type of Essay on Current Topics If you take part in debates, you're able to al so develop your research, note-taking, and analytical abilities, in addition to gain the capability to create balanced, informed arguments and utilize evidence and reasoning. The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. Existing topics in pharmacology provide a selection of themes for researching. The key approaches of contemporary experimental pharmacology. Choosing Essay on Current Topics Is Simple Many businesses use answering services, and those agents find it impossible to answer the challenging questions and don't have a stake in the business or its customersWe ordered a quick research paper, provided very specific instructions, and gave a fair deadline. Business should plan tax filing schedule to prevent late filing penalties. So now people and companies need to pay only one kind of Tax that's GST. Don't be afraid to attend, just opt for a city Warsaw or Lodz! On 1st July the government of India announced a new means of tax payment that is GST which will produce the procedure for tax collection simple in comparison with the prior tax system. The purpose of launching this campaign is to offer Indian citizens electronic government services by cutting back on the paperwork. One of the greatest approaches to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. MROfor SaferSkies The primary focus of the theme is going to be on the Maintenance related errors that have led to accidents previously and the mistakes we can avoid in future. The Essay on Current Topics Stories You might find that a number of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. Choosing topics can be difficult. Also, remember your discussion topics must fit the other students' level some of them are able to be not able to deal with the topic that has too many facets to contemplate. Selecting an emotional topic is also a great idea. Within this circumstance, the debate may get confusing or embarrassing. If you're going to opt for this type, you are going to have to thoroughly study the subject you have and prepare a highly effective base of arguments and facts in order to show the validity of your opinion. Inside my opinion it's triplple talaque and halala. When you are requested to decide on a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. To compose an excellent argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. These are a few of the topics you may have a healthy debate on. Argumentative debate topics cover specific problems, problems, phenomenon or subjects you may deliberate. Carry on reading to locate your ideal debate topic!

Genotype vs Phenotype

Ever since Austrian monk Gregor Mendel did artificial selection breeding experiments with his pea plants, understanding how traits are passed down from one generation to the next has been an important field of biology. Genetics is often used as a way to explain evolution, even if Charles Darwin did not know how it worked when he first came up with the original Theory of Evolution. Over time, as society developed more technology, the marriage of evolution and genetics became apparent. Now, the field of Genetics is a very important part of the Modern Synthesis of the Theory of Evolution. The Terms Genotype and Phenotype In order to understand how genetics plays a role in evolution, it is important to know the correct definitions of basic genetics terminology. Two such terms that will be used repeatedly are genotype and phenotype. While both terms have to do with traits shown by individuals, there are differences in their meanings. What Is a Genotype? The word genotype comes from the greek words â€Å"genos† which means â€Å"birth† and â€Å"typos† which means â€Å"mark†. While the entire word â€Å"genotype† does not exactly mean â€Å"birth mark† as we think of the phrase, it does have to do with the genetics an individual is born with. A genotype is the actual genetic composition or makeup of an organism. Most genes are made up of two or more different alleles, or forms of a trait. Two of those alleles come together to make the gene. That gene then expresses whatever trait is dominant in the pair. It could also show a blending of those traits or show both traits equally, depending on which characteristic it is coding for. The combination of the two alleles is an organism’s genotype. Genotype is often symbolized using two letters. A dominant allele would be symbolized by a capital letter, while the recessive allele is represented with the same letter, but only in the lower case form. For example, when Gregor Mendel did his experiments with pea plants, he saw the flowers would either be purple (the dominant trait) or white (the recessive trait). A purple flowered pea plant may have the genotype PP or Pp. A white flowered pea plant would have the genotype pp. What Is a Phenotype? The trait that is shown due to the coding in the genotype is called the phenotype. The phenotype is the actual physical features shown by the organism. In pea plants, like in the example above, if the dominant allele for purple flowers is present in the genotype, then the phenotype would be purple. Even if the genotype had one purple color allele and one recessive white color allele, the phenotype would still be a purple flower. The dominant purple allele would mask the recessive white allele in this case. The Relationship Between the Two The genotype of the individual determines the phenotype. However, it is not always possible to know the genotype by looking only at the phenotype. Using the purple flowered pea plant example above, there is no way to know by looking at a single plant whether the genotype is made up of two dominant purple alleles or one dominant purple allele and one recessive white allele. In those cases, both phenotypes would show a purple flower. To figure out the true genotype, the family history can be examined or it can be bred in a test cross with a white flowered plant, and the offspring can show whether or not it had a hidden recessive allele. If the test cross produces any recessive offspring, the genotype of the parental flower would have to be heterozygous, or have one dominant and one recessive allele.

The Recent Global Financial Crisis - 1330 Words

The recent global financial crisis (GFC) started prior to 2007 which represented the first ‘’panic phase’’ as the crisis expanded from a relatively limited proportion of financial markets focused on subprime mortgages into a broad†based run on many types of short†term debt (Gorton and Metrick, 2012) in August of 2007. For the purposes of this essay I shall focus on the general situation between 2007 and 2009 which shaped the GFC rather than the specific events that occurred during that period. In the second part of this essay I shall examine how recessionary conditions affected the incidence of participation and involvement in human resource management using material from company reports and a small survey conducted in the North West of England (Marchington and Kynighou, 2012). What happened during the recent global financial crisis? According to F. Mishkin the GFC of 2007 to 2009 can be divided into two distinct phases. The first and more limited phase from August 2007 to August 2008 is characterized in terms of losses in one relatively small segment of the U.S. financial system—subprime residential mortgages. Yet, at that time GDP in the U.S. continued to rise into the second quarter of 2008 hence, forecasters were predicting only a mild recession. In mid-September 2008, however, the GFC became far more wide spread. One of the major events which had helped shape the later situation was the bankruptcy of the investment bank Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008. Further,Show MoreRelatedCredit Derivatives in the Recent Global Financial Crisis1671 Words   |  7 PagesCredit Derivatives in the recent Global Financial Crisis 1.0 Introduction: In the recent times credit derivatives have become a very popular financial security for investors. If we take a look at the chart given below we can see how the popularity of credit derivatives increased in the past decade. The maximum volume of derivatives was traded during the years 2005 to 2007 of which 2006 was the highest at $2000bn. Then when the financial crisis occurred at the end of 2007 the trading decreased rapidlyRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Ethics in Business in Light of the Recent Global Financial Crisis (Gfc)1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe 2008 global financial crisis has affected today’s economy severely based on the collapses on issues such as immoral practices, governance, regulations, enterprise ethics. Factors to consider with the collapse that lead to the financial crisis is the dangerous outcomes that financial companies were not foreseen in advanced of borrowing mortgages for the companies. The change of ethics through enterprises demonstrate how b usiness approaches to ethics over the past years where ethics is seen inRead MoreThe Effect of Recent Financial Crisis and Regulatory Implications in Asia1532 Words   |  7 Pageseducation. Now on the larger scale is the impact on the institutional level of the global financial crisis. The financial crisis began in United States in 2007 and spread to other countries. The crisis was triggered by a liquidity shortfall in United States banking system and resulted to the collapse of financial institutions. Asia is one major continent in which the recent financial crisis had spread. The impact of the crisis had far reaching effects on the economy of Asia than many people had anticipatedRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On Businesses, Governments, And Consumers978 Words   |  4 Pages The worldwide impact of the recent financial crisis outlines the importance of having a decent understanding of crises. Latest episode has definitely showed that status of economic as well as the financial performance is greatly affected by financial turmoil. 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Vivek Shah MBA AF 629 December 12, 2016 Introduction It’s the most heard term about the global economy in the recent years and it’s the year we have been always hearing about its 2008. We all have been a part of it in some or the other way and all the major economies had been affected by the global turmoil which eventually lead to the worst situation after the Great depression of 1929. The sub-prime crisis in USA which lead to great recessionRead MoreThe Impact Of Expansionary Monetary Policy During The Great Recession1720 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) as the worst global recession of the 20th century since the Great Depression [1]. After eight years, global economies today continue to struggle to find sustainable recovery and robust growth. The crisis was a massive institutional failure that involved the bursting of the asset bubble, the collapse of the stock market, and the moribund employment rate among others. 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Horse and Depreciation Adjusted Basis Free Essays

Comprehensive Problem Introduction: Betty, whose tax rate is 33%, is in the business of breeding and racing horses. Except for the transactions below, she has no other sales or exchanges and she has no unrecaptured net Sec. 1231 losses. We will write a custom essay sample on Horse and Depreciation Adjusted Basis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consider the following transactions that occur during the year: * A building with an adjusted basis of $300,000 is destroyed by fire. Insurance proceeds of $500,000 are received, but Betty does not plan to replace the building. The building was built 12 years ago at a cost of $430,000 and used to provide lodging for her employees. Straight-line depreciation has been used. * Four acres of the farm are condemned by the state to widen the highway and Betty receives $50,000. The land was inherited from her mother 15 years ago when its FMV was $15,000. Her mother purchased the land for $10,300. Betty does not plan to purchase additional land. * A racehorse purchased four years ago for $200,000 was sold for $550,000. Total depreciation allowed using the straight-line method amounts to $160,000. * Equipment purchased three years ago for $200,000 is exchanged for $100,000 of IBM common stock. The adjusted basis of the equipment is $120,000. If straight-line depreciation had been used, the adjusted basis would be $152,000. * An uninsured pony with an adjusted basis of $20,000 and FMV of $35,000, which her daughter uses only for personal use, is injured while attempting a jump. Because of the injury, the uninsured pony has to be destroyed by a veterinarian. Task(s): a. What amount of Sec. 1245 ordinary income must be recognized? Sold for $200,000 Depreciation adjusted basis’s of $152,000 $200,000-$152,000= $48,000 b. What amount of Sec. 1250 ordinary income must be recognized? From insurance $300,000 depreciation ordinary $430,000 300,000-430,000= -70,000 c. Will the loss resulting from the destruction of her daughter’s pony be used to determine net Sec. 1231 gains or losses? Yes d. What is the amount of the net Sec. 1231 gain or loss? There’s a loss of $15,000 e. After all of the netting of gains or losses is completed, will the gain resulting from the involuntary conversion of the building be treate d as LTCG? No the building is old and it would seem not to fall into that category f. What is the amount of her unrecaptured Sec. 1250 gain? I would say zero because she never really sold anything How to cite Horse and Depreciation Adjusted Basis, Papers

Preparing a Vessel Prior to Loading for Cargo- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePreparing a Vessel Prior to Loading for Cargo. Answer: Preparing for cargo hold prior loading The compartment must be neatly cleaned, and all previous load traces removed. After sweeping the compartment clean, washing should be carried out and allowed time for the drying of the compartments before the grains are loaded. Drying time is dependent on the climate but there must be an allowance of 2 3 days. Bilge wells and bilge spaces should be clean, dry and odorless and the condition must satisfy the testing surveyor. If this is not applicable the master should issue a certificate stating that non-return valves and bilge pumps are satisfactorily operating. Twin deck, al scruppers, fuel tank, and tank top sheathing should be grain tight and if the sheathing condition makes this impractical, sheathing should be covered with polyethylene, paper, hessian or any material that is suitable to prevent grain ingress (Terence, 2014). After inspection Bilge wells and bilge spaces must be closed with a hessian or porous material after inspection, so as to ensure there is no entry of the grain into the bilge well or space but allow water entry. Before loading grain into liquid cargo tanks, suctions in every cargo tank should be well sealed with hessian or a porous cloth ensuring that is not watertight but grain tight. If not fitted already there should be a provision of a sounding pipe. A testing surveyor must be satisfied that pipes leading to the tank are plucked off, to make sure that there will be no accidental flooding of the cargo during the planned voyage and a blanking off certificate should be issued by the chief engineer or master in case the surveyor ask so. If the vessel is to be loaded with bagged grain, it must adhere to the bulk grain requirements. Moreover, if the surveyor sees it necessary, bituminized paper and dunnage will be used to safeguard the cargo (Ratcliffe 2015). Australian marine surveyors, principal shipping agents, and Australian licensed grain shippers adopted the above stowage requirements after 2009 consultations. Ensuring that the vessel remains within the stress limits Due to a number of accidents that have occurred at sea because of vessels overloading, the importance of having a standard stress limit for the vessel was determined long before. Nevertheless, it has taken a lot of years since then to ensure international consensus for the general load lines applications. The earliest load line convention happened in the year 1930 and since then there have been periodic amendments until 2003 when the last amendment took place(Kyne, 2007). Normally, a general cargo ship is made to accommodate cargoes with the range of 1.39 to 1.67 cubic meters per tonne if fully loaded and capacities for dead weight. During loading of a high-density grain bulk cargo, special attention should be accorded to weight distribution for prevention of excessive stresses. However, it should be kept in mind that conditions of loading might be different with those normally found and that inappropriate distribution of such cargo might either be stressing the whole hull or stressing the structure under the load. It is impossible to set out regulations for all ships distribution of loading since the structural arrangement in every vessel might greatly vary. During loading, it is therefore important to use the ships stability information booklet in order to acquire correct information on the appropriate distribution of cargo or loading calculators can be used as well(journal, 2016). Requirements by AMSA prior to loading grains on a vessel To make sure that stability during voyage complies with regulations of SOLAS and hold bilges are satisfactorily operating, until one year ago AMSA (Australian Maritime Safety Authority ) surveyors could board a vessel at the Australian ports before loading grain. A consultant from outside conducted an assessment of this process and AMSA made a decision that a desktop audit would be satisfactory to make sure that relevant vessels adhere to the stability criteria as stipulated by IMO(Ratcliffe 2015). The master must ensure that the vessel adheres to the criteria of stability as per the determination by IMO. Desktop audit procedure provides that: A local agent of the master or the master himself must submit a notice of intention to load at least three days prior to the arrival of the ship. Before the loading begins, a stability form must be filled and faxed to the AMSAs office. After receipt of the form, AMSA will assess the information given and acknowledge it. In case, AMSA notices any discrepancies, the master will be needed to resubmit the form after making the recommended adjustments. In some circumstances, loading might not be permitted until the IMO stability criteria are fully adhered to (Terence, 2014). Vessel owners can ask for local surveyors assistance to make sure the AMSA form has been filled accordingly to avoid delays Other measures to consider regarding loading and carriage of grain cargo Many grains have a slip angle or angle of repose of about 20 degrees making it one of the most dangerous goods to carry in bulk. In case a ship rolls more than 20 degrees it might result in the shifting of the cargo which eventually can lead the vessel into capsizing(Kyne, 2007). Therefore, it is a responsibility of the master and requirement by various authorities to ensure that the vessel maintains stability even in case of shifting by the grain cargo. This can be possible through compiling of the grain loading form that fully shows the stability of the ship in the most difficult situations on passage. Strong emphasis is put on the ships stability that is carrying grains since they are liable to shift. The main purpose is that variation in grain type, including the size and ability to flow freely well loaded in bulk. Every ship in grain carriage must give grain specific stability data, including moments of grain heeling to the terminal(Kyne, 2007). This part focuses on different challenges, precautions which must be adhered to while loading and carrying grain cargoes. To prevent cargo shifting, the surfaces of the grain must be trimmed reasonably In case the cargo is only towed in the under compartment, hatch covers must be safeguarded in an appropriate manner. In case of the upper compartment towing where the tween deck covers are not grain-tight, they should be tightened using a sealing tape, separation cloths or tarpaulins. In compartments that are partly filled, the grain surface must be secured through over stowing excluding when due to shifting of the grain heeling moments have been calculated and considered for the vessels stability. Longitudinal divisions can be fitted to decrease heeling moments because of the grain shift in filled compartments, partly filled compartment, untrimmed and trimmed given that every division; Has downward extension from the lower side of the hatch covers Have an extensions from deck to deck in tween decks Is ensured that its grain tight Is built in accordance with standards of the grain code. The master should as well ensure that the vessel; Is able to adhere to intact stability criteria before loading at all steps of the voyage Has got each paperwork well done and on board Is standing upright before going deeper into the sea. References Michael Ratcliffe. (2015). Lloyd's Ship Manager, Volume 6. Charlottesville: the University of Virginia. Kyne, P. B. (2007). Cappy Ricks Retires. New York: Cosimo, Inc.,. Terence Coghlin, A. B. (2014). Time Charters. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Political Forms Of Ancient India Essays - Civilizations,

Political forms of Ancient India Political forms of Ancient India The Indian sub-continent was the home of one of the earliest civilizations of man. In the history of ancient India we see many forms of society ranging from urban civilization of Indus Valley to the Classical Age of Gupta Dynasty. During this period we see a hierarchy of centralized and decentralized government. Some of which were highly organized in their political structure and government while others were merely weakened by internal problems and division of power. Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's oldest and greatest civilizations which took shape around 3000 BC to 2500 BC in the valley of the Indus River. Remains of more than 100 cities, towns, and villages of the Indus Valley civilization have now been found from north of the Hindu Kush down the entire length of the Indus and beyond into peninsular India. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro are the two urban centers of Indus Valley civilization and the excavation of these sites reveal standardization and ordered society and ten centuries of relatively stable conditions. The city was amazingly well planned with broad main streets and good secondary streets. The houses of these cities were solidly built of bricks and many were multi-storied and equipped with bathrooms and lavatories. The high quality of the pottery, along with hoards of gold and silver found at Indus Valley sites, suggest great accumulation of wealth. Each city was laid out on a grid plan with a high citadel and a lower city of domestic dwellings. Urban planning is evident in the neat arrangement of major buildings contained in the citadel, including the placement of a large granary and water tank or bath at right angles to one another. The lower city, which was tightly packed with residential units, was also constructed on a grid pattern consisting of a number of blocks separated by major cross streets. The cities had an elaborate public drainage system. Sanitation was provided through an extensive system of covered drains running through the length of the main streets and connected by chutes with most residences. All these archeological evidences uncovered a strong centralized authority. The urban civilization of Indus Valley suggests a complex planning that undertook the region and the people lived up to the standard of the time. The Indus civilization appears to have declined rapidly in the early 2d Millennium BC. Archeological remains further indicate intermittent and devastating floods around this time and possible invasions by the Aryans, whose epics refer to their conquest of walled cities. The Aryans are said to have entered India through the fabled Khyber pass, around 1500 BC and gave rise to another civilization in Indian history, the Vedic period. The Aryans are believed to have developed the Sanskrit language and made significant inroads into the religion of the time. All these factors were to play a fundamental role in the shaping of Indian culture. The Aryans did not have a script but they developed a rich tradition. They composed the hymns of the four vedas, the great philosophic poems that are at the heart of Hindu thought. The Aryans were divided into tribes, which had settled in different regions of northwestern India. Tribal chiefmanship gradually became hereditary, though the chief usually operated with the help of advice from either a committee or the entire tribe. Tribal chiefs bearing the title Raja or king were at first little more than war-lords, and their principal duty was protection of their tribes. The power of the king positioned with the higher authority of the priests. Vedic kingship was the natural outcome of the conditions surrounding the Aryans. A king was the leader of the people in the war of aggression and defense. He is called the "Protector of the people". A study of the Rigveda shows that the king was no longer merely a leader of a primitive tribe, but occupied a position of per-eminence among the people. The protection of the people was the sacred duty of the king. In return, he expected and received loyal obedience from his subjects in the sense of a tribute to the king. With work specialization, the internal division of the Aryan society developed along caste lines. Their social framework was composed mainly of the following groups: the Brahmana (priests), Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishya (agriculturists) and Shudra (workers). The Brahmanas were referred to as the receivers of gift. The Vaishyas had to pay tribute for the lands that they got from the Kshatriya nobles. It was, in the beginning, a division of occupations; as such it was open and flexible. Much later, caste status and the corresponding occupation came